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A Glance History
The history of Arab medicine can be conveniently divided into three phases, characterized briefly as follows: Phase I, Greek into Arab; Phase II, Arab; and Phase III, Arab into Latin. The first phase was the period of translation of Greek scientific and philosophical works into Arabic. This started in the eighth century AC when Islam covered nearly two-thirds of the known world and contacts with the West were already established through Byzantium, Spain and Sicily. The Khalifs in Baghdad became aware of what was to be learned from Greek science, and in the reign of al-Ma’mun an institution was founded for this purpose, ‘The House of Wisdom’. The most famous of all the translators was Hunayn Ibn-Is’haq, a Nestorian Christian who became court physician to the Khalif al-Mutawakkil. He and his team translated a large number of medical works of Hippocrates and Galen, as well as philosophical works by Plato and Aristotle and mathematical works of Euclid and Archimedes. Hospitals and medical schools flourished during that period, first in Baghdad and later in the main provincial cities. After the first period of translation, when the chief works of Galen and Hippocrates were made available in Arabic, Christians lost their monopoly of medicine and several Muslims reached such a stature in medical science that they stood far above their immediate predecessors and were roughly on a level with the greatest of the Greeks. Some notable scholars of the science of Arab medicine are as follows: Al Tabbari (838–870), Al Razi (Rhazes) (846–930), Al Zahrawi (930–1013), Avicenna (980–1037), Ibn Al Haitham (960–1040), Ibn Al Nafees (1213–1288) and Ibn Khaldun (1332–1395).

The third phase of Arab medicine started in the twelfth century when European scholars interested in science and philosophy came to appreciate how much they had to learn from the Arabs, and set about studying Arab works in these disciplines and translating the chief of them into Latin. Probably the most outstanding writer on medicine in Arabic was Ibn-Sina or Avicenna as he was called in the West (dated 1037). Like Al Razi, he wrote on many subjects and was accounted to have been greater as a philosopher than as a physician. Nevertheless, his vast ‘Canon of Medicine’ is rightly acclaimed as the ‘culmination and masterpiece of Arab systematization’. It was translated into Latin in the twelfth century and continued to dominate the teaching of medicine in Europe at least until the end of the sixteenth century. There were 16 editions of it in the fifteenth century, one being in Hebrew, 20 editions in the sixteenth century and several more in the seventeenth century.

Herbal Remedies
Parallel with the development of pharmacy and pharmacology in the Arab world, there was also a similar development in alchemy and toxicology. Origins of these developments date back to the Greeks and Indians as well as to the empiric knowledge of the indigenous population. Alchemy was commonly practiced during the ninth century and many works have been written on this art. One good example of an independent manual on toxicology is Kitab as-Sumum, in five volumes, attributed to Shanaq, the Indian. It was translated into Arabic by al-’Abbas bin Sa’id al-Jawhari for caliph al-Ma’mun (reigned 813–833). It is a compilation from Greek and Indian sources of the ninth century. Poisons are discussed and how they can be detected by sight, touch, taste or by the toxic symptoms which they cause. Descriptions are given for poisoned drinks, foods, clothes, carpets, beds, skin lotions and eye salves, as well as narcotics and universal antidotes. A similar approach and information can be found in a later book on toxicology by Ibn Wahshiyyah during the early 900s. Another, equally important example is the book on ‘Poisons and their Antidotes’ by the famous Arab alchemist, Abu Musa Jabir ben Hayyan. In its six chapters, the author identifies poisons by their traits and natural origins, their modes of action, dosages, methods of administration, choice of drugs and the target organ, which is attacked by each particular poison, a proposition that is modern in its chemotherapeutic application. He also discusses general human anatomy, the four humors and how they are affected by purgatives and lethal drugs, warns against poisonous or poisoned matter, and prescribes antidotes. His discussion of body principles and subordinate organs and their function is similar to the previously mentioned Greek classification. Many of the antidotes described by Arab scientists like Abu Musa Jabir ben Hayyan, Ibn Wahshiyyah and Avicenna are still used nowadays by herbalists in our region.

Traditional vs Herbal
Despite all the marvelous advancements in modern medicine, traditional herbal medicine has always been practiced. Cultural beliefs and practices often lead to self-care or home remedies in rural areas and consultation with traditional healers. Alternative therapies have been utilized by people in our region who have faith in spiritual healers. The Mediterranean region has a very rich tradition in the use of medicinal plants for treating various ailments. In contrast to the above-mentioned historical importance of Arab medicine, research into the different modalities of complementary and alternative medicine in our region is relatively small and the current status of the know-how of Arab herbalists is limited. The number of scientifically well-oriented and experienced herbalists is few, but there are many who have found a prosperous trade, dealing with herbal medicine without a proper background. Research into the traditional medicinal herbs still in use has also been conducted in other Arab countries such as Syria, Morocco, Yemen, Egypt and others. According to recent surveys, the Middle Eastern region is covered with more than 2600 plant species of which more than 700 are noted for their use as medicinal herbs or as botanical pesticides. Currently, fewer than 200–250 plant species are still in use in Arab traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The number of herbal-derived substances that are in use as traditional compounds is about 286. The most recent survey conducted on the potential uses of plant species from the coastal Mediterranean region in Egypt recorded 230 species belonging to eight families. Medicinal plants in the Middle East are becoming increasingly rare due to both the ongoing destruction of their natural habitat as well as the overharvesting of wild species and detrimental climatic and environmental changes. As a result, it is predicted that in semiarid regions such as the Middle East, a number of species will disappear within the next 10 years, particularly in the desert or dry areas where almost a third of native plants are found, unless urgent measures are taken to protect and preserve them. This is paradoxical at a time when there is an increasing interest worldwide in herbal medicines accompanied by increased laboratory investigation into the pharmacological properties of the bioactive ingredients and their ability to treat various diseases